The correct statement about hypothesis testing is:
II. To say a finding is significant means that it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Explanation:
- Statement I is incorrect because a significance level must be stated when conducting hypothesis testing, regardless of whether a confidence interval is used or not.
- Statement III is incorrect because a confidence interval provides a range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to lie, but it is not used as direct evidence in a two-sided hypothesis test.
- Statement II is correct. In hypothesis testing, when a finding is deemed significant, it implies that the results are unlikely to have happened by random chance. This indicates that the observed effect is likely real and not just due to random fluctuations in the data.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
OB. II only
