Cache memory has the shortest access time. This means that DRAM memory devices must be refreshed periodically to retain data. This can reduce access speed and increase power consumption.
Volatile memories (such as SRAM and DRAM) require power to retain data, while non-volatile memories (such as NAND flash and NOR flash) do not require power to retain data. Cache memory is fast and expensive. Traditionally, they were categorized into "levels" representing proximity and accessibility to microprocessors. There are three common cache levels. The L1 cache (primary cache) is very fast, but relatively small and usually built into the processor chip as CPU cache. The fastest type of memory attached to the CPU is small and used for current instruction and data storage.
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