1. The statement that the first ionization energy for an oxygen atom is lower than the first ionization energy for a nitrogen atom is
a) inconsistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a period from left to right, due to the fact that oxygen has one doubly-occupied 2p orbital and nitrogen does not
b) consistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a period from left to right, because it is harder to take an electron from an oxygen atom than from a nitrogen atom
c) inconsistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a period from left to right, due to the fact that the oxygen atom has two doubly-occupied 2p orbitals and nitrogen has only one
d) consistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a period from left to right, because it is easier to take an electron from an oxygen atom than from a nitrogen atom
e) incorrect
2. Match the principle with the description.
Principle Description 1. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle a. Bodies can lose energy only in quantized amounts. 2. Pauli Exclusion Principle b. It is impossible to determine simultaneously the position and speed of a particle with extreme accuracy. 3. Hund's Rule c. The electrons in a given atom must differ in the value of at least one of their 4 quantum numbers. 4. Planck's Hypothesis d. Electrons fill orbitals with the same energy so that one e- occupies a different orbital before any orbital is occupied by 2 e-.
a. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
b. 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
c. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c d. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
e. 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a
3. The second ionization energy of Mg is 1445 kJ/mol. The first ionization energy is
a) 1445 kJ/mol
b) less than 1445 kJ/mol
c) greater than 1445 kJ/mol
d) More information is needed to answer this question.
e) None of these
4. In which group do all the elements have the same number of valence electrons?
a) P, S, Cl b) Ag, Cd, Ar c) Na, Ca, Ba d) N, P, As e) none of these
5.Which of the following best describes an orbital?
a) a space in an atom where an electron is most likely to be found
b) space where electrons are unlikely to be found in an atom
c) space which may contain electrons, protons, and/or neutrons
d) small, walled spheres that contain electrons
e) a single space within an atom that contains all electrons of that atom

1) While ionization energy decreases down the group and increases across the period, an anomaly is observed when the first ionization energy for an oxygen atom is lower than the first ionization energy for a nitrogen atom although oxygen is in group 16 while nitrogen is in group 15.

The reason for this anomaly is that oxygen has one doubly-occupied 2p orbital and nitrogen does not. The half filled 2p orbital of nitrogen makes the atom unusually stable hence the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than that of oxygen in violation of the general trend of first ionization energy in the periodic table.

2) The matching of the description with principles are as follows;

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle - It is impossible to determine simultaneously the position and speed of a particle with extreme accuracy.

Pauli Exclusion Principle - The electrons in a given atom must differ in the value of at least one of their 4 quantum numbers.

Hund's Rule - Electrons fill orbitals with the same energy so that one e- occupies a different orbital before any orbital is occupied by 2 e-.

Planck's Hypothesis - Bodies can lose energy only in quantized amounts.

This corresponds to the pattern;

1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a

3) The second ionization energy of Mg must be less than its first ionization energy. this is because it costs more energy to remove an electron from an already positive specie. Hence, the first ionization energy of Mg is less than 1445 kJ/mol.

4) N, P, As are all members of group 15 in the periodic table and have five valence electrons each. Hence, The group in which all the elements have the same number of valence electrons is N, P, As.

5) An orbital is best described as a space in an atom where an electron is most likely to be found. The concept of orbital derived from the wave mechanical model of the atom where an electron is treated as a wave.

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