Sam skips school so that he can play video games at the arcade. Sam's parents find him at the arcade and make him mow the lawn when they get home. As a result of having to mow the lawn, Sam doesn't skip school to go to the arcade anymore. Having to do something he dislikes as punishment for the problem behavior is (in a sense) a form of: a. extinction b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. the Premack Principle